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第41章 (第1/3页)
You have just experienced what Broadbent and Cherry referred to as the “Cocktail Party
Phenomenon”. Part of consciousness is attention. We must attend to incoming stimuli in order to
process it and act on it in an appropriate manner. Does that imply that in the case presented above,
the listener was attending to the conversation behind her? Possibly, although the attention being
paid to that conversation was not intentional. The listener in this conversation was engaged in
what is known as dichotic listening, which refers to hearing two channels of sound, one in each
ear, at the same time. In dichotic listening, we listen, or shadow, the message to which we are
attending, and tune out the second, unattended message. Nonetheless, some characteristics of that
unshadowed message still get through. The individual above was shadowing the message in
which she was engaged and, until hearing her name, could not have told us the content or
characteristics of the unshadowed (unattended) message of conversation. How then, did she
manage to hear her name, if she was not attending to the message?
Triesman offers as an explanation the fact that in dichotic listening, attention acts as an attenuator,
in that it turns down the volume on unattended channels, but does not completely block them out.
Moray took this notion a bit further, observing that it is very difficult to ignore the sounds of our
own names, even if that sound comes in on an unattended channel. Deutsch and Deutsch, followed
by Norman, proposed that all channels that reach the system get some degree of attention and
analysis. Specifically, the channels get attended to enough to be represented in long-term memory.
While none of these models completely explains the attentional aspect of consciousness, they do at
least give us some insights as to why we suddenly find ourselves “eavesdropping” on the
conversations of others, once we have heard them mention our names.
Circadian Rhythms
There is a daily cycle in addition to sleep cycles that helps regulate our functioning. People and
other mammals have a biological clock that controls their daily rhythm, known as the circadian
rhythm. Bodily temperatures, endocrine secretions, metabolism, and other bodily func
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