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Or is intelligence really a combination of several different abilities, as
suggested by Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Or does it involve a combination of some
inborn factor that accounts for some intellectual abilities and a variety of specific intellectual skills
that operate independently of each other? This is a great discussion topic that students usually
have strong opinions about. You might add, that part of the problem, even among the “experts” in
this field, is there is no single, universally accepted definition of intelligence from which to focus
the argument. How you feel about intelligence can vary greatly depending upon how you define it.
The average student or person on the street tends to view intelligence differently than the average
teacher or professor. And both of them tend to view intelligence differently than the average
scientific researcher studying intelligence. With this type of disagreement, is it possible to know
how many different types of intelligence there are?
IQ Tests and Labeling
One of the dangers in assigning people IQ scores in grade school is the danger of labeling the
student based on an IQ score, and then having that label become a self-fulfilling prophecy. While IQ
can be useful for identifying children who are either gifted or retarded, how useful is it to assign
numbers and labels to those falling within the middle ranges? If one assumes that IQ is measuring
primarily a set of school skills, rather than one’s ability to learn across the board, is it fair to label
someone as “smart” or “stupid” based on an IQ score? While, no one officially uses such terms as
“stupid” to label someone based on IQ, it informally happens all the time, and children can be
vicious in their use of such labels on each other. Since people tend to have stereotypes about what
“smart” and “stupid” mean, how does such a label positively or negatively affect a child? Can it
change the way parents and teachers interact with such children? Could such labels cause a child
to lose self-confidence, leading to even worse future performance, thus fulfilling the label? Many
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CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
people believe that labeling can create a self-fulfilling prophecy. T
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