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第129章 (第1/3页)
What is the process by which an individual investigator submits a research proposal to a
university IRB for its evaluation? In this section we will:
1. Begin by discussing instances of research with unacceptable risks and questionable ethics (see
Additional Resources).
2. Discuss the essential concepts of “at risk,” “invasion of privacy,” “deception,” “informed consent,”
“the gain/loss notion of relative ethics,” and the raising of consciousness about ethical
considerations.
3. Briefly describe the review-evaluation procedure now required of prospective researchers in an
academic setting.
4. Briefly describe the importance to society of promoting scientific progress and the career of the
individual researcher (in order to establish social and personal values that oppose “undesirable”
constraints).
5. Conduct the demonstrations on role-playing in which students take both sides in the institutional
evaluation of psychological research proposed by independent investigators.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Ethical questions often arise about the conduct of scientific research because it may intervene in the lives of
participants who are subject to its procedures-even if only for a short time. Decisions made by investigators
solely based on scientific or pragmatic considerations may be harmful to research subjects. The subjects are
usually not in a position to have advance knowledge of what will be done to them or to refuse exposure to
procedures unacceptable to them. Much research takes place in institutional settings where there are strong
pressures on potential subjects to comply with authorities, such as in prisons, the military, factories,
summer camps, schools, and colleges.
Research involving human subjects raises ethical and legal issues of sufficiently serious and widespread
concern that a comprehensive mechanism has been developed through which the judgments of researchers
are reviewed. Under the National Research Act of 1974, institutions applying for funds must establish an
IRB to review research conducted by that institution. Of course, many institutions and departments already
had established IRBs prior to this act, including most psychology departments, which supported “Human
Subject Committees,” to review psychological research. The IRB’s goals, then, are to d
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