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You could then go on to discuss the responses, such as,
frustration may lead to aggression.
PRO—CON
Present a two-sided discussion of a value-laden topic. When using this method, be certain to give each side
equal weight. Let the students decide for themselves which side they want to take. For example, the topic of
deinstitutionalization has an inherent adversarial challenge. On the one hand, research shows that many
institutionalized patients can exist and improve in a “least restrictive environment.” Letting them out of
institutions, moreover, is economically beneficial to the various state and local governments and thus to the
taxpayer. On the other hand, if the patients are deinstitutionalized in communities lacking sufficient
services, the former patients will be forced out onto the streets to fend for themselves. Such a situation can be
dangerous both to them and to the communities in which they reside.
ASCENDING—DESCENDING
Arrange lecture topics according to their importance, familiarity, or complexity. For example, arrange the
major psychological disorders from most debilitating to least debilitating, or from hardest to easiest to
diagnose.
TO KEEP THEIR ATTENTION FROM WANDERING
During the standard 50-minute hour, your students’ attention will frequently wander in response to
external distractions (attractive fellow students, campus newspaper
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