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ed across a noisy room although the
individual is participating in an unrelated conversation. Thus, even
information to which an individual is not attending is processed to
some extent.
6. As a general rule, information that is not attended to will not make its
presence known, unless it is very distinct or personally relevant
B. Attention and Objects in the Environment
1. One of the main functions of attention is to help you find particular
objects in a noisy visual environment
2. Complex processing occurs without attention or awareness
3. Preattentive processing operates on sensory inputs before you attend to
them, as they first enter the brain from sensory receptors
a) Is skilled at finding objects that can be defined by a single
feature
b) Allows parallel search of the environment for a single
prominent feature
(i) Parallel search allows the consideration of many
objects at once
(ii) Serial search allows the consideration of only one
object at a time
c) Allows guided search of the environment and provides
relatively sophisticated assistance in finding objects in the
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
environment
III. Organizational Processes in Perception
A. Perceptual Organization refers to the processes that put sensory information together to
give you the perception of coherence. What a person experiences as a result of these
processes is called a percept.
B. Figure, Ground, and Closure
1. A figure is an object in the foreground of the visual field
2. The ground is the background against which the object is seen
3. There is a strong tendency to perceive a figure as being in front of a
ground
4. Illusory contours are divisions or regions that do not exist in the distal
stimulus, but do exist in the proximal experience of the stimulus
5. Closure is a powerful organizing process that fills in missing areas
and makes incomplete figures or patterns appear complete
C. Principles of Perceptual Grouping
1. The Law of Proximity states that all else being equal, the nearest
elements are grouped together
2. The Law of Similarity states that all else being equal, the most similar
elements are grouped together
3. The Law of Common Fate states that all else being equal, elements
moving in the same direction and at the same rate of speed are
grouped together
4. The Law of Pragnanz is a general law that states that individuals
perceive the simplest organization that fits the stimulus pattern
D. Spatial and Temporal Integration
1. Individuals are often unable to detect when a whole object has
changed from one fixation to another
2. A fixation is one glance or brief glimpse
E. Motion Perception
1. Motion perception requires comparison across different fixations of
the world and is dependent on reference frame
2. Induced motion occurs when a stationary object appears to be moving
because a reference frame to which it is being compared is moving.
There is a tendency for the visual system to take a larger, surrounding
figure as the reference frame for a smaller figure inside it.
3. The simplest form of apparent motion is the phi phenomenon, which
occurs when two stationary spots of light are turned on and off
alternately very quickly. It appears that a single light is moving back
and forth between the two spots of light.
F. Depth Perception
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CHAPTER 5: PERCEPTION
1. Depth perception requires that the visual system extract three-
dimensional representations from two-dimensional information
2. Vision relies on depth cues that allow the interpretation of sensory
input
G. Binocular and Motion Cues
1. Binocular disparity is the displacement between the horizontal
positions of corresponding images in the two eyes
2. Convergence is the turning in of the eyes when they fixate on a single
object. The eyes must converge more for objects that are near than for
objects that are distant.
3. Relative motion parallax provides inform
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