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When landing
an airplane, a pilot must monitor several functions at once–such as air speed, engine settings,
altitude, glide slope, angle of attack, and heading–while also responding to air traffic controller
directions and watching for other aircraft. With all of these responsibilities, especially when
visibility is good, pilots may fail to check their altimeters and instead rely on visual cues from the
cockpit. After Dr. Kraft solved the mystery of the accidents, commercial airlines around the world
informed pilots of the conditions under which they might misjudge altitude on approach to
landing. Psychologists such as Dr. Kraft study perception in order to learn how the major sensory
systems of the body help (and sometimes trick) us in gathering information about the environments
in which we live, work, and play.
85
CHAPTER 6
Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Identify and provide examples of the three levels of consciousness
2. Describe the origins of the mind—body problem, and Descartes’ mechanistic approach to it
via his theory of the animal machine
Explain the philosophical and theoretical differences between dualism and monism
4. Define the concepts of the personal construction of reality, the cultural construction of
reality, and the significance of consensual validation of both
5. Define and give examples of circadian rhythms
6. Identify the five stages of sleep, as well as the functions of REM sleep
7. Explain the four major types of sleep disorders
8. Describe both the basic premises of Freudian dream analysis and the activation synthesis
hypothesis of dreaming
9. Explain extended states of consciousness, such as hypnosis, meditation, and hallucination
10. Describe the effects of psychoactive substances
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Contents of Consciousness
A. This chapter discusses ordinary states of consciousness and the mind–body problem, as
well as the more unusual experiences that are part of the human potential, such as
hallucinations, hypnosis, and dreams
B. Awareness and Consciousness
C. Consciousness is an ambiguous term that can refer to a general state of mind or to its
specific contents
1. The contents of consciousness refers to the information at the
intersection of these two types of consciousness
D. Consciousness has long been a topic of psychological inquiry. In the late 1800s, Wundt and
Titchener used introspection to explore the contents of the conscious mind and James made
observations of his own “stream of consciousness.”
E. Ordinary wakin
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