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第46章 (第1/3页)
What behavioral outcomes might we expect to see with children in such a
situation?
3. Given that “little Albert” was removed from Watson’s experiment before his having been
desensitized, how might his conditioned fear manifest itself in “big Albert”?
4. Discuss with the class instances in which secondary gains can provide reinforcement for
behaviors that may be irrational and self-defeating.
5. Discuss examples of the principle of observational learning in the animal kingdom.
SUPPLEMENTAL LECTURE MATERIAL
A Summary of Some Interesting Aspects of Classical
Conditioning
1. Any stimulus we can perceive has the potential to become a conditioned stimulus.
2. Perception of the CS can take place below the level of conscious awareness.
3. Any response we make naturally can come to be elicited by a learned signal.
4. These responses can be highly specific and simple (such as a muscle twitch or part of a
brain wave pattern) or general and complex (such as sexual arousal or fear).
5. The conditioned response can be a response of our skeletal muscles or visceral organs or
even a “private” response (such as thoughts and feelings).
6. With a powerful original UCS, conditioning may take place in only one trial in which the
UCS is paired with a CS.
7. Stimuli quite different from the original CS can control the appearance of the conditioned
response through higher-order conditioning.
8. Depending on the strength of the CR and the nature of the conditioning process, some
learned responses resist extinction and may endure for a lifetime.
Taken together, these principles reveal the remarkable adaptability of organisms to learned
conditioned associations, but they also are somewhat disturbing. It is obvious that inappropriate
conditioning that is not in our best interest also takes place. Examples of such inappropriate
conditioning include the learning of persistent irrational behaviors, superstitions, and conditioned
addictions.
The Effects of Corporal Punishment
The use of punishment in the control of human behavior is not merely a matter of deciding whether
it works; aside from the psychological questions involved in punishing people for “undesirable
behavior,” there are moral and legal issues to be considered. Corporal punishment is defined in
educational terms as the inflicting of pain by a teacher or school official on the body of a student as
115
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
a penalty for doing something that is disapproved of by the punisher. This includes confinement in
an uncomfortable space, forced eating of noxious substances, and standing for long periods. The
four most common justifications for using corporal punishment are the following:
1. It is a proven and effective method for changing undesirable behavior
2. It develops a sense of personal responsibility
3. It teaches self-discipline
4. It instills moral character
Punishment, however, does not accomplish any of these goals. Target behaviors are suppressed
only when the punishment is severe and repeated, and only then in the presence of the person that
delivers the punishment. Further, the “side effects” of aversive cont
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