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Why does not enduring episodic memory begin until the
age of three or four?
Theory 1: Repression
Freud thought that forgetting is essential to getting safely through the Oedipal years with their
violent and incestuous impulses. In Freud’s theory, childhood amnesia results from repression of
these impulses, and he thought memories from these years can be retrieved in psychoanalysis by
the use of methods such as free association and dream analysis. There is some evidence that people
tend to have a cluster of childhood memories from about the time Freud thought the Oedipus
complex is resolved. However, like many aspects of Freud’s Theory, his ideas about childhood
amnesia cannot be confirmed or rejected by research.
Theory 2: Brain Immaturity
Another theory points to the immaturity of brain structures. Animal studies have shown that
animals that have mature brains at birth, such as guinea pigs, are able to store permanent memories
early in life, and that animals, such as rats, that are born with immature brains cannot. The brains
of children are immature at birth. They do not have the synaptic connections of a mature brain. A
problem with this theory is, again, why does amnesia affect only autobiographical or episodic
memory?
Theory 3: Limited “M-Space”
One theory that uses the idea of immaturity of brain structures was proposed by a French
psychiatrist, Juan Pascual-Leone, who worked with Piaget and suggested that childhood amnesia
occurs because of limited M-space capacity. M-space is described as “attentional capacity” and
seems to be similar to the concept of short-term memory. Whereas adults can retain approximately
seven chunks in the M-space, small children can retain only one. For this reason, they are unable to
store retrieval cues. They cannot use what they already know to establish retrieval cues because
there is no room in M-space to bring material from long-term memory. Research shows that the
capacity of short-term memory is small in early childhood and increases to adult capacity by
puberty. However, this theory does not account for children’s ability to comprehend and produce
speech. For example, if a child’s attentional capacity is so small, how can the child comprehend a
sentence of seven or eight words?
Theory 4: Schema Differences
Explanations also emphasize the difference between the schemas of small children and those of
adults. Children’
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