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Forgetting is a nuisance, but it happens to all of us—why? There is a
phenomenon in human memory known as decay. Jenkins and Dallenbach believed the decay of
memory strength was a function of time. Their research concerned what happened during the time
span and how it could influence how much you forgot—or did not forget. They had their
participants memorize nonsense syllables and then tested their recall at 1, 2, 4, or 8 hours later.
According to Jenkins and Dallenbach, decay theory proposes that busy or not, if time between
memorization and recall is equivalent across participant groups, then the amount of forgetting will
be equivalent. WRONG! Participants who remained awake and working after memorizing the
syllables recalled less than those who were able to sleep and then were retested on awakening did.
This effect is a phenomenon called interference. The amount that you forget depends on how much
other “stuff’ you had to absorb and deal with in the interim and what you learned earlier is going to
compete with material learned later. This is called Interference Theory.
There are two types of interference:
Proactive interference (a.k.a. inhibition) deals with forward (pro) acting interference, the
detrimental impact that having learned List A has on your ability to remember a subsequently
learned List B. An experimental group tested on List B, the second list, after a retention interval,
did worse on recall of List B than did a control group who did not learn List A. (What else
might explain this? Serial position curves and the primacy effect).
Retroactive interference refers to the detrimental impact that learning List B has on previously
learned List A. This is backward-acting interference and occurs when something that you have
learned recently interferes with something that you learned in the past. For example, when an
experimental group learns List A, then List B, followed by a retention period and is asked to
recall List A ten minutes later, performance is poor. Learning List B interferes with memory for
List A.
Example of Proactive Interference/Inhibition Experiment Protocol
Experimental Learn List A Learn List B Retention Period Memory test
Group for List B
Control Group Learn List B Retention Period Memory test
for List B
The Control Group in this experiment usually performs better on the test of List B because they did
not have List A to interfere with what they learned later.
Example of Retroactive Interference/Inhibition Experiment Protocol
Experimental Learn List A Learn List B Retention Period Memory test
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Group for List A
Control Group Learn List B Retention Period Memory test
for List A
The Control Group in this experiment usually performs better on the test of List A because they did
not have List B to interfere with what they had learned previously.
Reasons for Memory Loss with Age
As people get older, their ability to remember tends to decrease. It takes longer for older people to
retrieve information, a
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