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第61章 (第1/3页)
A. Psychological Assessment is the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities,
behaviors, and personal qualities of people
B. History of Assessment
1. Methods used in China in the 1800s were observed by missionaries
and later brought to England
2. Sir Francis Galton was a central figure in the development Western
intelligence testing
a) Tried to apply Darwinian evolutionary theory to the study of
human abilities
b) Postulated four ideas regarding intelligence assessment
(i) Differences in intelligence were quantifiable
(ii) Differences between individuals formed a normal
distribution
(iii) Intelligence could be measured objectively
(iv) The extent to which two sets of test scores were
related could be statistically determined by a
procedure he called co-relation, later to become
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CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
correlation
c) Galton began the eugenics movement, advocation of improving
humankind by selective inbreeding while discouraging
reproduction among the biologically inferior
C. Basic Features of Formal Assessment
1. Formal assessment procedures should meet three requirements:
a) Reliability: Instruments must be trusted to give consistent
scores
b) Validity: Instruments must measure what the assessor intends
it to measure
c) Standardization: Instruments must be administered to all
persons in the same way under the same conditions
2. Methods of obtaining reliability, validity, and standardization:
a) Reliability
(i) Test-retest reliability
(ii) Parallel forms
(iii) Internal consistency
Split-half reliability
b) Validity
(i) Face validity
(ii) Criterion validity, or predictive validity
(iii) Construct validity
3. Norms and Standardization
a) Norms are typical scores or statistics
b) Standardization is the administration of a testing device to all
II.Intelligence Assessment
A. Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the
ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn
quickly, and learn from experience
B. Origins of Intelligence Testing
1. Alfred Binet developed an objective test that could classify and
separate developmentally disabled children from normal
schoolchildren
a) Designed age-appropriate test items
b) Computed average scores for normal children at different ages
expressed in mental age and chronological age
2. Features of Binet’s approach
a) Scores interpreted as an estimate of current performance, not
as a measure of innate intelligence
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b) Wanted scores to identify children needing special help, not
to stigmatize them
c) Emphasized training and opportunity
d) Constructed his test on empirical, rather than theoretical, data
C. IQ Tests
1. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
a) Adapted for American schoolchildren by Lewis Terman of
Stanford University.
b) Provided a base for the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ),
with “IQ being the ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological
age (CA), multiplied by 100” (in order to eliminate decimals)
c) IQ = MA . CA ′ 100
d) Revised in 1937, 1960, 1972, and 1986
2. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
a) Wechsler—Bellevue Intelligence Scale developed by David
Wechsler and first published in 1939
b) Renamed the Wechsler Adult Intelligenc
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