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(ii) Secondary appraisal begins the process of deciding that
something must be done
c) Stress moderator variables are those variables that change the impact of
a stressor on a given type of stress reaction
4. Types of Coping Responses
a) Anticipatory coping precedes a potentially stressful event
b) Two main methods of coping
(i) Problem-directed coping, attempts to change the stressor or
one’s relationship to it through direct actions and/or
problem-solving activities; most often used for controllable
stressors
(ii) Emotion-focused coping, changing the self through activities
that make one feel better, but do not change the stressor; most
often used for uncontrollable stressors
5. Modifying cognitive strategies are adaptive methods of changing one’s
evaluations of stressors and self-defeating cognitions about addressing them;
two methods of mentally coping with stress are:
a) Reappraisal of the nature of the stressors
b) Restructuring of one’s cognitions about one’s stress reactions
c) Meichenbaum proposed a three-phase process that allows for stress
inoculation
(i) Phase 1: Individuals work to develop greater awareness of
their actual behavior—what instigates it and what the results
are
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(ii) Phase 2: Identification of new behaviors that negate the
maladaptive, self-defeating behaviors of the past
(iii) Phase 3: Once engaged in adaptive behaviors, appraisal of
consequences of new behaviors from a positive perspective
d) Perceived control is a main theme of coping, the feeling that one has the
ability to make a difference in the outcome of an event or experience
6. Social Support as a Coping Resource
a) Social support refers to the resources others provide, giving the
message that one is loved, cared for, esteemed, and connected to others
in a network of communication and mutual obligation
b) Other forms of support include:
(i) Tangible support: money, transportation, housing
(ii) Informational support: advice, personal feedback, and
information
c) Positive effects of social support can improve recovery from diagnosed
illness and reduce risk of death from disease
III. Health Psychology
A. Definitions
1. Health psychology is the branch of psychology devoted to understanding the
way people stay healthy, the reasons they become ill, and the way they
respond when they do become ill.
2. Health refers to the general condition of the body and mind in terms of
soundness and vigor.
B. The Biopsychosocial Model of Health
1. Traditional health practices employ practices that enhance the quality of life
a) Hozho, a Navajo concept, sees illness as the outcome of disharmony,
with traditional healing ceremonies that seek to banish illness and
restore health through efforts of the shaman and the combined efforts
of the family members, working with the ill person to reachieve a state
of harmony
b) Among the Nyukusa peoples of Africa, any sign of disharmony or
deviation from expected norms generates swift communal intervention
to rectify the situation
c) Western view of medicine typically involves solely a biological or
pharmacological intervention
2. Toward a Biopsychosocial Model
a) In contrast to non-Western cultures, which often assumed a link
between body and mind, the traditional Western biomedical model is
dualistic, medically treating the body separately from the psyche
b) The biopsychosocial model links physical health to state of mind and
environment. It has three components:
(i) Bio acknowledges the reality of biological illness
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CHAPTER 13: EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH
(ii) Psycho and social acknowledge the psychological and social
components of health
c) Concept of wellness incorporates physical, intellectual, emotional
spiritual, social, and environmental aspects of your life
d) Health behavior refers to the undertaking of an activity for purposes of
preventing disease or detecting it while still asymptomatic
C. Health Promotion
1. Health promotion means development of general strategies and specific tactics
to eliminate or reduce the risk of getting sick
2. Smoking
a) Smoking may be initiated as a sensation-seeking mode
b) Readiness to quit smoking entails five stages:
(i) Precontemplation, not yet thinking about quitting
(ii) Contemplation, thinking about quitting but no behavioral
changes
(iii) Preparation, getting ready to quit
(iv) Action, taking of action by establishing behavior goals
(v) Maintenance, now a nonsmoker, individual tries to remain so
3. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
a) The causal agent is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
(i) Infectious agent is not airborne
(ii) Requires direct access to the bloodstream to produce infection
b) The virus is passed from one person to another in one of two ways:
(i) The exchange of semen or blood during sexual contact
(ii) The sharing of intravenous needles and syringes used for
injection of intravenous drugs
c) Who is at risk for AIDS?