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cently,
researchers have identified the hostility component of Type A behavior as more damaging than time
urgency or competitiveness to the circulatory system.
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CHAPTER 13: EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH
SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR STRESS
Socially supportive relationships may mitigate the effects of stress by helping people cope with and resolve
problems. Social relationships promote health. Social support is an interpersonal exchange in which one
person gives help to another. It may be provided in numerous ways, including:
. Emotional concern, as expressed through liking, love, sympathy, and empathy
. Instrumental aid through the provision of goods or services during someone’s time of need
. Providing information about a stressful situation, perhaps a similar one experienced by them
. Reassurance by others that you are acting in a reasonable, responsible manner
We have a great deal of data to indicate that social support during times of stress can effectively reduce
psychological distress. People who had families who stayed in the Middle East with them during the Gulf
War did much better psychologically than those who had no family there and those whose families
returned to their native country. Social support also seems both to decrease the likelihood of physical illness
and to speed recovery. Research has been attempting to identify precisely how social support mitigates
stress and has arrived at two hypotheses:
. The Direct Effects Hypothesis suggests that social support is always beneficial, during both stressful
and nonstressful times.
. The Buffering Hypothesis suggests that the physical and mental health benefits of social support occur
mainly during periods of high stress and not during periods of low stress.
Extensive research suggests that both hypotheses are at least partially correct.
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Some of us have a
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