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Does this contribute to the higher rates of violent crime
among males? Does it contribute to males’ higher rates of heart disease and certain types of stress-related
illnesses? What could be done to make it easier for males to express emotions of sadness and not feel
pressured to be aggressive, and still feel like healthy males?
On the other hand, females are often socialized to express a wide range of emotions, including sadness, and
are not usually chastised for crying in public. We have traditionally encouraged females to “get in touch
with” their feelings and express them. But females have much higher rates of reported depression than
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
males. How much of that may be due to excess rumination about feelings of sadness based on “getting in
touch” with those feelings? Also, females have historically been chastised for openly expressing anger in
public, as it was not considered “ladylike.” But society put females in a somewhat impossible situation, by
encouraging them to cry and express sadness, but not show anger, and then labeling them as “weak” when
they did. Other than increased risk of depression (mentioned above), in what ways have these social norms
and expectations affected females?
BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILES
Hans Hugo Selye (1907–1982)
Hans Selye was known as “Dr. Stress” by press and colleagues alike, a name he rightly earned after more
than 42 years of conducting research on the effects of stress on humans. Born in Vienna in 1907, Selye was
first exposed to medical science through his father, a military surgeon in the Austro-Hungarian army. He
received his early formal education from the Benedictines and later attended medical school at the German
University of Prague, where he specialized in endocrinology. Even in his early years in medical school, he
was struck by the fact that the patients he encountered in the hospital exhibited an overall syndrome of
“just being sick” that was more than the mere sum of the specific symptoms of their disease. This
observation led him in later years to study the body’s reaction to environmental stimuli, a process he called
stress, and to which he attributed aging and, in many cases, illness.
Selye joined the faculty of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the University of Montreal
in 1932 and later founded the International Institute of Stress there. He wrote more than 30 books but is best
known for Stress Without Distress, which has been prin
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