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munity, these men are striking in
their nonconformity to the stereotypes expected of mental health patients. A great film for
sensitizing students to the needs and pain of mental health patients.
The Mind Depression (1988). NCAIARR, 24 minutes
Profiles people with bipolar disorders, showing the grandiose delusions that often accompany
the manic phase. Contrasts the normal cycle of emotions with the unpredictable swings of bipolar
disorders. Interviews one family in which the grandmother, father, and several children all suffer
from depression, speculates that their depression is biologically caused, and depicts the
suspected genetic basis of bipolar disorders. Focuses on people who perform well with the help
of antidepressant drugs, including one young M.D. Describes the benefits of talking therapy in
conjunction with drug therapy.
The Mind of a Serial Killer (1993). FFHS, 60 minutes
This program goes behind the scenes to give the real story behind the FBI unit popularized in The
Silence of the Lambs. Using a detailed psychological profile, the unit helps the Rochester, New
York, police department catch a notorious serial killer that targeted prostitutes. This NOVA
program is part of the WGBH collection.
Neurotic Behavior: A Psychodynamic View (1973). CRW, 19 minutes
Illustrates the neurotic behavior and classical defense mechanisms of Peter, a college student. A
psychodynamic approach to behavior is used to analyze Peter’s life as he experiences anxiety,
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repression, rationalization, displacement, and finally phobias and obsessive-compulsive neurosis
in reaction to the psychological trauma induced by his mother during early training. Although
the use of the term “neurosis” is outdated according to the DSM-IV, the film provides clear
examples of phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
One Man’s Madness (1974). IUTFF, 32 minutes
Documentary of a writer who became a bipolar depressive (bipolar depression was previously
referred to as manic-depression). Swinging in mood from ecstasy to severe depression, his
symptoms of alienation and withdrawal are shown both at home and in the hospital setting.
The Scandal of Psychiatric Hospitals: When the Goal Is Insurance Reimbursement (1993).
FFHS, 52 minutes
At the same time that mentally ill patients are being discharged into the streets because their
insurance benefits have expired, healthy Americans are being locked up in mental hospitals
while the hospital draws their insurance. This shocking program reveals some of these abuses. It
shows how one group of hospitals herded up patients and, in a cynical and sadistic way, held
healthy Americans hostage; it also shows how bona fide psychiatrists are tempted or duped, and
how outnumbered and outgunned law enforcement agencies are trying to restore psychiatry to
its role as a healing profession, not a get-rich-quick business.
Teenage Suicide: The Ultimate Dropout (1980). PBS, 29 minutes
A 14-year-old girl who attempted suicide discusses her feelings of frustration and helplessness.
Advice is given for families with problems involving suicide.
The World of Abnormal Psychology (1991). Intellimation, 60 minutes
A series built around documentary views of people experiencing a variety of behavioral
disorders. Case histories are accompanied by commentaries from educators, clinicians, and
researchers who highlight and help interpret what students see. Programs include:
1. Looking at abnormal behavior
2. The nature of stress
3. The anxiety disorders
4. Psychological factors and physical illness
5. Personality disorders
6. Substance abuse disorders
7. Sexual disorders
8. Mood disorders
9. The schizophrenias
10. Organic mental disorders
11. Behavior disorders of children
12. Psychotherapies
13. An ounce of prevention
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CHAPTER 16
Therapies for Personal Change
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Identify the overall goals of therapeutic interventions
2. Explain how modern forms of therapy developed
3. Discuss the differences in types of therapists
4. Describe the historical and cultural aspects of treatment of the mentally ill
5. Discuss the differences in the major theoretical models of mental illness
6. Explain what happens when an individual receives therapy
7. Describe the differences and advantages in drug and psychotherapy treatments
8. Comment on the general effectiveness of the different types of treatment for mental
illness
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Therapeutic Context
A. Goals and Major Therapies
1. The Therapeutic Process Involves Four Primary Goals:
a) Reaching a diagnosis and classifying the disorder
b) Proposing a probable etiology
c) Making a prognosis
d) Prescribing and carrying out some mode of treatment
2. Major Therapeutic Models
a) Biomedical therapies attempt alteration of brain functioning
through chemical or physical interventions
b) Psychotherapy focuses on changing learned, maladaptive
behaviors. There are four major types of psychotherapy
(i) Psychodynamic approach views neurotic suffering as
the outer symptom of inner, unresolved trauma and
conflict
(ii) Behavior therapy treats the behaviors themselves as
disturbances that must be modified
(iii) Cognitive therapy attempts restructuring of the
individual’s thoughts away from distorted self-
thoughts
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CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE
(iv) Existential-humanistic therapies emphasize
patient/client values, directing energies toward self-
actualization
B. Therapists and Therapeutic Settings
1. Counseling psychologists provide guidance in areas such as vocation
selection, school problems, drug abuse, and marital conflict
2. Clinical social workers are mental health professionals who consider
the social contexts of people’s problems
3. Pastoral counselors are members of a religious order, specializing in
the treatment of psychological disorders
4. Clinical psychologists have a Ph.D. and concentrated their graduate
training in the assessment and treatment of psychological problems,
followed by a supervised internship in a clinical setting
5. Psychiatrists have completed medical school, earned an M.D., and
completed postdoctoral training in mental and emotional disorders;
their training is slanted toward the biomedical basis of psychological
problems, and they are the only therapists who can prescribe
medical or drug-based interventions
6. Psychoanalysts have either an M.D. or Ph.D. and have completed
specialized postgraduate training in the Freudian approach to
understanding and treating mental disorders
C. Historical
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