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ttributes, false
beliefs, and expectations of failure through rational emotive therapy.
Humanistic therapist Rollo May discusses therapy for “normal” people seeking greater
fulfillment.
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Abnormal Psychology: The Psychoses (1980). HARR, 22 minutes
This film is a tour of a ward in a mental institution in which the patients are interviewed. It is an
introduction to the etiology of psychosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Anyplace But Here, Parts 1 and 2 (1978). IU (CARSL), 50 minutes
Examines the problems that result when mental patients are released into communities
unprepared to treat and accept them and lacking facilities to help them return to useful lives. A
look at life inside Creedmore Psychiatric Center in Queens, New York. Reveals the dissatisfaction
of patients, staff, and relatives with myriad problems of budgets, paperwork, and bureaucracy.
Biofeedback: Medical Applications of Psycho-Physiologic Self-Regulation (1987). Insight
Media, 54 minutes
This program reviews treatment procedures from both the patient’s and the therapist’s
perspectives. It describes the rationale for the self-regulation process, presenting cases involving
self-regulation training for hypertension, migraine, chronic back pain, anxiety, and posttraumatic
rehabilitation.
Carl Rogers Conducts an Encounter Group (1975). JEMC UCI, 70 minutes
Rogers is shown interacting with a group and its individual members. He also discusses factors
that he considers important in facilitating a group. “Words from the Master.”
Childhood Aggression: A Social Learning Approach to Family Therapy (1974). JREPR, 30
minutes
Gerald Patterson’s approach to behavioral intervention in family therapy is demonstrated-an
older film, but still worthwhile.
The Class That Went to War (1997). CRM, 35 minutes
An estimated 40 percent of Vietnam War veterans have had problems adjusting to civilian life.
Close to a quarter million are unemployed and thousands have become the forgotten wounded,
the ones nobody wants to talk about. Through the microcosm of one New Jersey high school
class, this film focuses on the war and its legacy. Useful film to introduce the concept of posttraumatic
stress disorder.
Depression: Beating the Blues (1983). NCIU (FML), 28 minutes
Examines how clinical depression differs from the normal day-to-day feelings of being blue.
Focuses on old and new techniques for treating clinical depression. Uses interviews with several
depression sufferers to show reactions to different kinds of therapy: drug, electroshock, cognitive,
and psychiatric. Discusses the contribution of modern life to the psychological basis of
depression, and encourages sufferers to seek help. An interesting look at the “pre-Prozac” days.
Frontline: Mind of a Murderer (1985). PBS, 120 minutes
This show is long, but it also is an Emmy Award Winner for 1985. It describes how Kenneth
Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler who terrorized the Los Angeles area in the late 1970s, almost did
not stand trial due to the fact that he was not mentally competent. The controversy revolved
around his claim to multiple personalities. The videotape includes segments revealing Bianchi’s
interactions with a team of psychologists and psychiatrists.
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CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE
Gheel: A Changing Tradition (1973). EMC UC, 41 minutes
Gheel, a Flemish town, is the oldest center of home care of the mentally ill. The problems and
advantages of this form of treatment are examined.
Harry: Behavioral Treatment of Self-Abuse (1980). REPR, 38 minutes
This is an account of the implementation of a behavioral treatment program for a young man
who engaged in chronic self-abuse.
Peer-Conducted Behavior Modification (1976). VCIREPR, 24 minutes
Paul Clement discusses the role of peers in shaping deviant behavior, as well as the value of
peers as positive modifiers in a therapy program.
Portrait of Manic Depression (1988). FANIJI, 60 minutes
Profiles four individuals who struggle to control the extreme mood swings caused by bipolar
depression-an illness that affects nearly three million Americans. Current treatments are
reviewed.
R. D. Laing: A Dialogue on Mental Illness and Its Treatment (1976). Assoc. Films, 22 minutes
Laing presents his critical views as an “anti-psychiatrist” on what creates abnormal behavior and
how it should be treated.
Romance to Recovery (1979). FMS, 36 minutes
Dr. Joseph Pursch describes how alcoholism adversely affects the normal relationships of the
family and turns other family members into co-alcoholics who operate to reinforce the alcoholism
of one member Follows an alcoholic/co-alcoholic family through cover-up, manipulation,
medical complications, child abuse, remorse, separation, revenge, and reunion. Emphasizes that
all family members need treatment and that solutions are available, and talks about how to find
them. This is a good depiction of family therapy, and it focuses on a problem that personally
affects 10% of the American population.
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CHAPTER 17
Social Processes and Relationships
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Explain how the environment or social factors help determine how individuals think,
feel, and behave
2. Discuss the important lessons learned from the Stanford Prison Experiment
3. Describe and discuss the processes of conformity
4. Describe the concepts and processes involved with persuasion and attitude change
5. Explain the concept of the social construction of reality
6. Discuss the importance of attributions and the significance of the fundamental
attributional error
7. Describe theories of social expectancy and self-fulfilling prophecy
8. Demonstrate a thorough knowledge and understanding of cognitive dissonance
9. Explain how interpersonal attraction relates to prejudice
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Power of the Situation
A. Definitions
1. Social psychology is the study of the ways in which thoughts, feelings,
perceptions, motives, and behavior are influenced by interactions
and transactions between people
2. Social context includes the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of
other people; the activities and interactions that take place between
people; the features of the settings in which behavior occurs; and the
expectations and norms that govern behavior in a given setting
B. Roles and Rules
1. A social role is a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected
of a person when functioning in a given setting or group
2. Rules are behavioral guidelines for specific settings
a) Explicit rules are specifically stated or taught to children
b) Implicit rules are learned through transactions with others in
particular settings
3. The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the effects of roles and
rules
a) Roles were designated randomly
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CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
(i) “Guards” were put in charge of “prisoners” and
behaved aggressively, sometimes even sadistically
(ii) Prisoners behaved passively, resigned to an
unexpected fate.
b) The simulated prison environment created a new social
reality
c) Coercive rules included explicit punishments for violations
d) Prisoners could only react to the social structure of the
prison like setting created by those in power
C. Social Norms are specific expectations for socially appropriate attitudes and behaviors
that are embodied in the stated or implicit rule of a group
1. Adjustment to group norms occurs in two ways:
a) Observation of uniformities in certain behaviors of all or most
members are noted
b) Observation of negative consequences for norm violation
2. Coercive power of the group can be experienced by implementation
of three painful R’s:
a) Ridicule
b) Reeducation
c) Rejection
D. Conformity
1. Conformity is the tendency for people to adopt the behavior and
opinions presented by other group members. Two types of forces
may lead to conformity:
a) Informational influence where individuals conform in an
effort to be correct and to understand how best to act in a
given situation
b) Normative influence where individuals conform in an effort
to be liked, accepted, and approved of by others
2. Informational Influence: Sherif’s autokinetic effect
a) Norm crystallization is the formation and solidification of
norms
b) Autokinetic effect refers to “a type of apparent motion in
which a small, objectively stationary spot of light in an
otherwise dark room appears to move about”
c) Although individual judgments vary widely, stating
judgments aloud brought about convergence of opinion
3. Normative Influence: The Asch Effect
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
a) Asch created circumstances in which participants made
judgments under conditions in which physical reality was
absolutely clear, but the rest of the group reported that they
saw the world differently
b) Procedure
(i) Both participants and confederates agreed on first
three trials
(ii) On fourth trial, first confederate “matched” two
stimuli that were not a true match; all confederates
did the same
(iii) Participants had to determine whether to confirm to
the group view or remain independent
c) Results
(i) Roughly one-fourth of participants remained
independent
(ii) Between 50% and 80% of participants conformed to
the false majority estimate at least once
(iii) Participants yielding to majority were “disoriented”
and “doubt ridden,” experiencing “a powerful
impulse not to appear different from the majority”
(iv) Two complementary lessons learned:
(a) People are not entirely swayed by normative
influence. They assert their independence on a
majority of occasions
(b) People will sometimes conform, even in the most
unambiguous situations. That potential to
conform is an important element of human
nature
4. Conformity in Everyday Life: Minority influence and nonconformity
a) Majority decisions tend to be made without engaging the
systematic thought and critical thinking skills of the
individuals in the group
b) Minority groups have little normative influence, but they do
have informational influence
c) The majority tends to be the defender of the status quo
5. Groupthink is the tendency of a decision-making group to filter out
undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if
the consensus is in line with the leader’s viewpoint.
E. Situational Power: Candid Camera Revelations
1. Smart, independe
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