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standing the
psychological processes that govern our behavior may help us to become more empathetic
and independent members of society.
Key Issues
Power of cognitive control, the Pygmalion effect, how teachers’ expectations affect children’s
test scores, the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom, and the principle of
compliance as illustrated in television ads.
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Demonstrations
The self-fulfilling prophecy study, or the Pygmalion effect.
The principles of compliance illustrated with actual television advertisements.
Jane Elliot’s blue-eyed versus brown-eyed case study.
Students’ enhanced self-esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom.
New Interview
Steven Hassan looks at the ways cults use mind control methods to reshape people’s identity
and reconstruct the way they perceive reality.
Interviews
Grammar school teacher Jane Elliot divides her classroom into a superior blue-eyed group
and an inferior brown-eyed group to study the development and nature of prejudice.
Robert Rosenthal studies how teachers’ expectations can affect children’s test scores.
Elliot Aronson and Alex Gonzalez examine how cooperation rather than competition changes
the way students see themselves and their peers.
Robert Cialdini examines the principles of reciprocation, scarcity, authority, commitment,
liking, and consensus in marketing and advertising.
FILMS AND VIDEOS
The Candid Camera Classics for Social Psychology consists of 16 episodes that I selected, with
Allen Funt’s assistance, to dramatize many key social psychology topics, such as compliance,
conformity, obedience, social influence, authority, power, morality, and bias in field surveys.
Each of these creative gems is funny and entertaining, while teaching important messages about
human nature. Since they vary in duration from 2 to 6 minutes, a given episode can be used to
launch a lecture as a thematic overview, to underscore a conclusion from a body of empirical
research, or to provide a source for opening a discussion of the behaviors that the class and the
instructor observed together. The Candid Camera Classics come with an instructor’s guide (that I
prepared with Allen Funt) that will assist teachers in getting the most mileage from using them,
McGraw-Hill distributes this video (VHS) and a laser disk version. For ordering information, call
1-800-338-3987.
Abilene Paradox (1984). VCFM, 27 minutes
A gently humorous exposition of social psychological concepts such as groupthink and
deindividuation. Demonstrates how the cognitive processing of a well-intentioned, cooperating
group can go far astray from the individual views of the members.
Captive Minds: Hypnosis and Beyond (1985). JFMU, 55 minutes
Explains how long-term conditioning takes place, such as how the Moonies hold on to their
disciples, and how the Marine Corps generates such fierce loyalty. The indoctrination methods of
disparate institutions are surprisingly similar. Recruits are isolated in unfamiliar environments,
kept busy to the point of exhaustion, confused, frightened, and their sense of identity weakened.
Over time, they become vulnerable to suggestion. They then readily submit to a strong
authoritarian leader. Reminds us that we are all vulnerable to psychological manipulations, some
of which have social and political consequences.
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CHAPTER 18: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE
Conformity (1989). Insight Media, 30 minutes
This program examines the pros and cons of conforming behavior, looking at its dangers as well
as its utility in group decision making, classroom activities, and military regimentation. It
introduces reasons for conformity and investigates some of the variables that predict who is
likely to conform.
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Conformity and Independence (1975). IU (MTI), 23 minutes
Uses field and laboratory settings to look at social psychology’s main findings and principles in
the area of conformity and independence. Includes Sherif s experiments on norm formation;
Asch’s experiments on group pressure, and Crutchfield’s variation; Milgram’s experiment on
action conformity; Kelman’s three processes of compliance; and Moscovici’s theoretical views.
Prejudice (1989). Insight Media, 30 minutes
Showing four scenarios of prejudiced behavior, this program explores stereotypes and emotions
underlying prejudice. It discusses possible methods for reducing discrimination.
Productivity and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Pygmalion Effect (1976). (CRM) MCGFY, 28
minutes
This film illustrates self-fulfilling prophecies in several settings, including social science and
industrial management experiments. Illustrations include placebo effects and bank runs during
the depression.
Reflections on 100 Years of Social Psychology. (Available from California State University,
Fresno, Department of Psychology, 5310 N. Campus Drive, Fresno, CA 93740-0011.)
An edited video of presentations by Elliot Aronson, Leonard Berkowitz, Morton Deutsch, Harold
Gerard, Harold Kelley, Albert Pepitone, Bertram Raven, Robert Zajonc, and Philip Zimbardo to
accompany a text commemorating 100 years of experimental social psychology.
Social Psychology (1990). Insight Media, 30 minutes
Social psychology attempts to understand the myriad of social forces that influence our attitudes
and actions. This program discusses several research studies and findings on stereotyping and
prejudice, attribution theory, and the power of social roles. Philip G. Zimbardo’s prison
experiments are described and analyzed.
War and Violence (1986). (FFHS), 52 minutes
Demonstrates that poverty and violence go hand in hand. Depicts inner-city Boston and a lesson
on walking away from a fight. Includes an interview with a young Hispanic in Oakland who
talks about the machismo that underlies gang violence. Explains that around the world violence
is fueled by religion, nationalism, or race and made worse by politicians’ rhetoric. Looks at the
possibility of warfare today and the repercussion it has on the whole human race. From the
Human Animal Series, hosted by Phil Donahue.
The Wave (1981). 44 minutes
Observes as teacher Burt Ross re-enacts a 1967 social experiment in which a movement similar in
philosophy to that of the Nazi Third Reich is created. Shows how the ideas of power, discipline,
and superiority were drilled into his students and how willingly most of them adopted these
ideas. Illustrates the attitudes that allow people to deny responsibility for-and even knowledge
of-the injustices occurring around them.
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EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS
BY PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO
STRATEGIES FOR DISCUSSION SECTIONS: EXPERIMENTS AND
DEMONSTRATIONS
Having students become directly involved in research is one of the best ways to put life into psychology.
Toward that goal, we have prepared a set of research projects to be conducted in class. They are designed to
sample different areas of psychology, to illustrate various methodological approaches, and to offer a range
of activities that can engage the entire class.
Ideally, participating in these demonstration research projects should enable the student to get a feeling for
the exciting process of analyzing complex psychological problems, generating quantitative and qualitative
data, and drawing conclusions. Indeed, it is precisely by experiencing this process of discovery that the
student will come to appreciate the products of psychological investigation that are presented in the text
and lectures.
When this experience works as intended, the student’s outlook is transformed from the passive: “What do I
need to know?”