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which argued that racial differences were inherited. The article soon met with a
barrage of criticisms charging that Jensen was a racist.
1973 Richard Herrnstein published IQ in the Meritocracy, a controversial book stressing
the societal consequences of differences in intelligence.
1983 Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences,
outlining a new theory of intelligence that emphasized athletic, musical, and
interpersonal skills, as well as mental skills, in defining intelligence.
1984 Robert Sternberg published Toward a Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, outlining a
new theory of intelligence that stressed the multi-faceted nature of intelligence.
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CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory In Practice. New York: Basicbooks. An excellent
overview of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.
Hallahan, D. P., & Kauffman, J. M. (1982). Exceptional Children: Introduction to Special Education, (2nd
Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Among topics covered are definitions and
classifications of mental retardation, causes of retardation, methods of measurement, and
educational considerations.
Herrnstein, R., & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
New York: Free Press. A controversial text that suggests that differences in cognitive ability are
polarizing America into a cognitive elite and a cognitive underclass. Suggests that differences in
IQ score among ethnic groups are partially genetic.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T., Boykin, A., Brody, N., Ceci, S., Halpern, D., Loehlin, J., Perloff,
R., Sternberg, R., & Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. American Psychologist,
51(2), 77–101. An excellent resource on the concept of intelligence. Presents findings of a task
force established by the American Psychological Association to report on the issues of what is
known and unknown about intelligence. Significant conceptualizations of intelligence are
reviewed, including the psychometric approach, theories of multiple forms of intelligence,
cultural variations, theories of developmental progressions, and biological approaches.
Plomin, R., & Rende, R. (1991). Human Behavioral Genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 161–190.
An excellent review and introduction to the field of human behavioral genetics.
Rose, S. A., & Feldman, J. F. (1995). Prediction of IQ and Specific Cognitive Abilities at 11 Years from
Infancy Measures. Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 685–696. Assessments at seven months and 1
year may predict some cognitive abilities at ages 7 and 11.
Rowe, D. C., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Flannery, D. J. (1995). Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Development
Process: A Study of Academic Achievement. Psychological Science, 6(1), 33–38. Interesting research on
the impact of family environment on results of academic achievement measures.
Rushton, J. P. (1997). Race, IQ, and the APA Report on the Bell Curve. American Psychologist, 52(l), 69–
70. Comments on the APA Task Force findings about what is known and unknown about
intelligence. The author argues that the findings on the issue of race were in error. The origins of
racial differences in IQ need to be considered as fairly from the hereditarian perspective as from
the environmentalist perspective. Areas of omitted evidence are discuss
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