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to love and to be
loved.
4. Esteem: Needs to like oneself, to see oneself as competent and effective,
and to do what is necessary to earn the esteem of others.
5. Cognitive: Humans demand stimulation of thought, need to know our
past, to comprehend puzzles of current existence, and to predict the
future.
6. Esthetic: Need for creativity, and the human desire for beauty and
order.
7. Self-actualization: Individual has moved beyond basic needs in the
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quest for fullest development of his/her potential. Individual is self-
aware, self-accepting, socially responsive, creative, spontaneous, open
to novelty and challenge
8. Transcendence: a step beyond fulfillment of individual potential, may
lead some individuals to higher states of consciousness and a cosmic
vision of one鈥檚 part in the universe
B. Maslow鈥檚 hierarchy presents an upbeat view of human motivation, with the core of the
theory being the need for each individual to grow and actualize his/her highest potential
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. William James proposed that humans rely on instinctual behaviors even more than other
animals. Twenty-five years later, Sigmund Freud posited that humans experience drive
states that arise from life instincts and death instincts. What is significant about the
difference in these two perspectives?