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emotional
experience involves both cognitive attributions and physiological arousal. This theory assumes that both
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CHAPTER 13: EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH
physiological arousal and a cognitive label are necessary for the full experience of emotion. If either
component is missing, the subjective state experienced would be incomplete. In some ways, this model
combines and modifies the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories. Like James and Lange, this theory
proposed that bodily changes are a part of the emotional experience, and, like Cannon and Bard, it posits
that interpretation of the event is important for full experience. However, this model goes beyond previous
theories in the position that both physiological and cognitive labeling are required for the full experience of
emotion. This theory has been quite popular since its introduction in 1963. Support for the theory, however,
has been modest; it has been criticized on both methodological and empirical grounds. Attempts to replicate
Schachter’s work have been unsuccessful. In diagram form, this theory would look like this:
PERCEPTION T BODILY CHANGES & T EMOTION T BEHAVIOR
COGNITIVE LABEL
As an example of how this might look in real life, imagine meeting an angry bear in the woods:
SNARLING BEAR T INCREASED HEART RATE, T FEAR!