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Do their own
experiences confirm or deny Harris’s theories? Why or why not?
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
SUPPLEMENTAL LECTURE MATERIAL
Harry Stack Sullivan and the Interpersonal Relations Theory of
Personality
The founder of this position, Harry Stack Sullivan, was an interesting individual, and his areas of
concentration were:
. The dynamics of personality
. The dynamics and treatment of schizophrenia (he coined the term and concept of the
“schizophrenic mother”)
Sullivan posited his theory of personality within the context of developmental psychology, feeling
that to be the only viable avenue for his perspective. Sullivan felt that it was “completely
preposterous’ to assume that human behavior was determined solely by instinct, feeling instead
that human nature was so pliable and adaptable that even “the most fantastic social rules and
regulations [could] be lived up to, if they were properly inculcated in the young.” Sullivan
concluded that personality was shaped primarily by social forces, with the lengthy period of
dependence in childhood making the child particularly susceptible to the influence of others. He
proposed an incredibly powerful need for interpersonal relationships, to the extent that he believed
individuals who were deprived of interpersonal contact for extended periods would undergo
deterioration in their basic personality structure.
Consider Sullivan’s definition of personality for a moment (the relatively enduring pattern of
recurrent interpersonal situations which characterize a human life). The significant aspect of this
definition is that Sullivan intended it to include those interpersonal relationships that are illusory
as well as those which are real. So, in Sullivan’s theory, even the recluse and the psychotic have a
“personality.” Many other theories seem to apply only to the normally functioning psyche.
Sullivan and Freud shared a belief that human beings strive toward a reduction of inner tension,
that the ideal human state is one of euphoria—a condition of total equilibrium. Sullivan saw
tension as the opposite of euphoria, reciprocally related to it, and as a state similar to a state of
terror. Of course, both extremes can only be approached and neither exists in nature; we exist
somewhere on the continuum between the two. He posited seven specific epochs or stages through
which personality may develop, each epoch representing an optimal time for certain innate
capacities to reach fruition. Since he posits “epochs,” you can see that Sullivan was a stage theorist.
Epoch 1: Infancy. Infancy begins at birth and continues until the appearance of articulate speech.
This time is highlighted by the influence of maternal tenderness and anxiety. The oral zone is
important here, as it brings food and sustenance, as well as breathing, crying, and thumb-sucking.
Nursing provides the infant with its first prototaxic mode or experience in interpersonal
relationships. This is a primitive mode of experiencing internal and external stimuli, is prominent
in early infancy, consists of successive momentary discrete states, and cannot be communicated
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