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2. Generalization techniques attempt to increase similarity of target
behaviors, reinforcers, models, and stimulus demands between
therapy and real-life settings
IV. Cognitive Therapies
A. Cognitive Therapies attempt to change problem feelings and behaviors by changing the
way the client thinks about significant life experiences
B. Cognitive Behavior Modification
1. Approach combines cognitive emphasis on the role of thoughts and
attitudes influencing motivations and response with behaviorist
focus on changing performance through reinforcement contingencies
2. Unacceptable behavior patterns are modified by cognitive
restructuring
3. Critical aspect is discovery by therapist and client of how the client
thinks about and expresses the problem for which therapy is sought
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CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE
C. Changing False Beliefs
1. Some cognitive therapists argue that many psychological problems
arise as a function of how people think about themselves relative to
other people and the events they face. Faulty thinking can be based
on:
a) Unreasonable attitudes
b) False premises
c) Rigid rules that put behavior on “autopilot”
2. Cognitive Therapy for Depression
a) The therapist helps the client to identify his or her irrational
ways of thinking and to learn more realistic ways to
formulate personal experiences
b) Four tactics used to change the cognitive foundation that
supports the depression:
(i) Challenging basic assumptions about his or her
functioning
(ii) Evaluating evidence the client has for and against
accuracy of automatic thoughts
(iii) Reattributing blame to situational factors rather than
client’s incompetence
(iv) Discussing alternative solutions to complex tasks
that could otherwise lead to experiences of failure
3. Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): A comprehensive system of
personality change based on transformation of irrational beliefs that
cause undesirable emotional reactions
a) RET teaches clients to recognize “shou
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